Dr. David Childs, Ph.D.
Northern Kentucky University
Democracy and Multiculturalism Represented in the Social Studies Curriculum
One of the hallmarks of the democratic process is ensuring that every voice is heard and that every person is valued. One of the ongoing struggles in the American democracy is the legacy of racism and how it has impacted the lives of many Americans. Racial prejudice has shaped school curriculum and caused there to be a primary focus on European Americans in history courses.
Exposure to a More Diverse Curriculum
When I was in seventh grade a teacher introduced me to two books that had a major impact on my thinking to this day. One was entitled “Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee” about the treatment and persecution of Native Americans in the American West and and an informational book about black cowboys from the late nineteenth century. The book about the history of Black Cowboys was life changing and instrumental in my becoming a historian and social studies professor. These books helped expand my notion of what American history is. For after all, Native American history is American, Black history is American history and so on and so forth. Generally, history is presented primarily from a Eurocentric perspective and people of color are presented as an afterthought, if at all. So imagine my surprise and delight as an African American young man who loved history when I found out that African Americans played a key role in shaping the American west. Like most people, up until that point in my life I had never even heard of black cowboys.
The Wild West and Black Cowboys
When studying and learning about the time period in the late nineteenth century known as the Wild West, often the focus is on white American heroes like William H. Bonner (Billy the Kid), Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday and Calamity Jane. But very little is said about the many African American cowboys that existed during that time. During the 1860’s-1880’s there was an estimated 6,000-8,000 black cowboys. Some historians argue that as many as one and four cowboys were Black. Many were slaves that learned how to manage cattle while their masters fought in the Civil War. Historian William Loren Katz stated that being a cowboy was one of the few jobs African Americans could get right after the Civil War besides serving as elevator operators or delivery boys. But why is this important part of American history often omitted. Often even k-12 teachers have no knowledge of this information. There are many stories about celebrated black cowboys who helped tame the West. Below I mention a few.
Civil War veteran Willie Kennard a 42 year old black man in the 1870’s, answered an ad for a new marshal in the rough gold mining town of Yankee Hill. Despite racial prejudice from the townspeople Kennard earned the respect of the town by systematically apprehending all of of the bad men in town that had been terrorizing folks and wreaking havoc. He largely did this with his sharpshooting skills and quick draw he had developed during his military experience. Kennard single-handedly eventually brought law and order to the formerly lawless town of Yankee Hill. However, his name is largely absent from the history books.
Nat Love, famously known as Deadwood Dick was another well known black cowboy. He was a former slave from Tennessee who left the Love plantation after the Civil War to find work. Love was known for his gift of breaking horses and winning prize money for his outstanding performance at a rodeo where he earned his nickname. He details his exciting and romanticized life as a cowboy in his autobiography entitled The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as ‘Deadwood Dick. Some adventures Love highlighted included his meeting with Billy the Kid, being captured by the Pima Indians and escaping, fighting off cattle rustlers, enduring harsh weather and training as a marksman. Other famous African American cowboys included Jesse Stahl the famed rodeo circuit rider and Bill Pickett the wild west show performer and actor.
What Can Teachers Do?
Teachers can greatly expand upon the typical one dimensional curriculum that focuses on an ahistorical uni-racial version of history by digging more into the lives of ethnically and racially diverse Americans whose lives were different from mainstream America. One great topic to explore are the lives of Black cowboys. Below are a number of resources that align with state and national standards that can help provide great lessons and units on the topic.
LESSON PLANS AND RESOURCES
Social Studies Standards
National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS)- Standard 1
Culture: Social studies programs should include experiences that provide for the study of culture and cultural diversity.
Ohio Grade Eight Social Studies Standards
Theme: U.S. Studies from 1492 to 1877: Exploration through Reconstruction
EXPANSION:
Content Statements:
Historical Thinking Skills:
1. Primary and secondary sources are used to examine events from multiple perspectives and to present and defend a position.
11. Westward expansion contributed to economic and industrial development, debates over sectional issues, war with Mexico and the displacement of American Indians.
Civil War and Reconstruction:
12. The Reconstruction period resulted in changes to the U.S. Constitution, an affirmation of federal authority and lingering social and political differences.
Sample Lessons
Black Cowboys Lesson Plan and Activity- Language Arts and Social Studies
https://www.ocde.us/CharacterEd/Documents/black-cowboy-wild-horses.pdf
Black Cowboys and Wild Horses Lesson Plan – Language Arts and Social Studies
http://educationalimpact.com/resources/TEPC/pdf/Tuttle_observation_lesson_plan.pdf
Black Cowboy- Bill Pickett Lesson Plan
http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/tlresources/units/Byrnes-famous/pickett.html#Objectives
Various Lesson Plans- Spanish and Mexican Roots of Cowboy Culture
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/vaquero/index.html
Unit Plan- Debunking the Myth of the American West
http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/2001/4/01.04.10.x.html#a
Lesson Plan: The Cowboy Life
https://www.educationworld.com/a_tsl/archives/04-1/lesson033.shtml
Lesson Plan: The Cowboys
http://www.discoveryeducation.com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/cowboys.cfm
Elementary Unit Plan and Resources: The American Cowboy Life
https://33rec33v8ymt4ag0pi2c0nlt-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Traveling-Trunks-2017-Lesson-Plan-Printer-friendly.pdf
Elementary Lesson Plan- Nat Love Graphic Novel and Lesson
https://classroom.popcultureclassroom.org/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2018/02/NAT-LOVE.pdf
REFERENCES
Books and Articles on African American Cowboys and the American West
Books
Black Cowboys of the Old West: True, Sensational, and Little-Known Stories from History
https://www.amazon.com/Black-Cowboys-Old-West-Little-Known-ebook/dp/B004E8M0Q6
The Life and Adventures of Nat Love, Better Known in the Cattle Country as ‘Deadwood Dick,’ by Himself
https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/natlove/natlove.html
Black Cowboys of Texas
https://www.amazon.com/Cowboys-Centennial-Association-Students-University/dp/158544443X
Black Cowboys in the American West: On the Range, on the Stage, behind the Badge
https://www.amazon.com/Black-Cowboys-American-West-behind/dp/0806154063
Bill Pickett: Bulldogger (Biography of a Black Cowboy)
https://www.amazon.com/Bill-Pickett-Bulldogger-Biography-Cowboy/dp/080612203X
The Black West: A Documentary and Pictoral History of the African American Role in the Westward Expansion of the United States
https://www.amazon.com/Black-West-Documentary-Pictoral-Expansion/dp/0767912314
Black Cowboy, Wild Horses
https://www.teachingbooks.net/tb.cgi?tid=35327
Articles
Black Cowboys in Oregon
https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/black_cowboys_in_oregon/#.XAF3rOhKhPY
The Lesser-Known History of African-American Cowboys
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/lesser-known-history-african-american-cowboys-180962144/
Willie Kennard: Yankee Hill’s Black Marshal
http://www.historynet.com/willie-kennard-yankee-hills-black-marshal.htm
Love on the Range: The Story of a Cowboy
http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2012/08/nat-love-pronounced-nate-lived-the-kind-of-life-that-adventure-novels-and-blockbuster-movies-are-built-on-freed-fro.html
Nat Love, aka: Deadwood Dick – Greatest Black Cowboy in the Old West
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-natlove/
Bill Pickett (ca 1870-1932), African American Cowboy
https://americacomesalive.com/2012/02/24/bill-pickett-ca-1870-1932-african-american-cowboy/
Stahl, Jesse (c. 1879–1935)
https://blackpast.org/aaw/jesse-stahl-c-1879-1935
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West
https://www.amazon.com/Bury-My-Heart-Wounded-Knee/dp/0805086846
American Indian culture of the West
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial-era/before-contact/a/west-indian-culture
Calamity Jane – Rowdy Woman of the West
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-calamityjane/
Video and Audio Resources
The Black Cowboy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJ014Yaehic
Roping as a Way of Life: The Proud History of Texas’ Black Cowboys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=XLSwRx_9HbQ
Federation of Black Cowboys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-m_EWT3QGk
Black Cowboys of Texas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-vNBFdXxUM
The Cowboys of Color Rodeo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYVZ4511oGw
African-American Cowboy: The Forgotten Man of the West” Documentary about Black Cowboys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jwlMtg4ts8
Recordings of Black Cowboy Songs
https://folkways.si.edu/dom-flemons/black-cowboys
This article is so interesting and definitely gives a brand new lens to view history through. Not only does this article give fascinating historical facts about Black cowboys, but it also dives into a chilling and very real fact. So much of America’s history has been altered to tell from a very Eurocentric point of view. This article is a very engaging and informative read.
There Were Black Cowboys? Teaching the American West from a More Diverse Perspective- I have never really one to enjoy history classes, but this article was very interesting to me. When I was reading this, I thought to myself how i never really thought about how they would bash other culture groups. This was shocking to me because these groups were just as important in today’s talk of history from many years ago.
This article was very interesting to read. I feel that this isn’t discussed enough in history. I found it very interesting at the fact that around 6,000-8,000 black cowboys. In old western movies and film, you always seen the stereotypical Caucasian cowboy man riding horses and raising cattle, but there is a big part of history that their forgetting which was that black people were cowboys as well.
As a girl from Eastern Kentucky back in the mountains, I grew up watching many cowboy movies and can admit to never hearing of an African American cowboy. This article blew my mind. It’s amazing to find that we can relate on more levels in history and how the African American culture was a part of all of them. Granted I never really paid attention when watching the shows at who was represented but now that it has been pointed out it is true.
What an interesting article! As I was scrolling through trying to pick which article I wanted to read this one immediately stood out to me. Black cowboys is something you really never hear of and honestly something I had wondered about throughout my educational career. The stereotypically cowboy is always shown as a white male. I always wondered why is this? Were there really no black cowboys? I completely agree that our schools systems need to offer exposure to a more diverse curriculum. Why do we only talk about black historical people when it comes to slavery or civil rights movements? I like how you stated the importance of every voice being heard and every person being valued. It’s sad how racial prejudice have shaped our curriculum in our education system. We need a change!
This article about African American Cowboys was fascinating to me. For one, the title grabbed my attention almost immediately. The first thought that came to mind was, was there actually African American Cowboys? The stereotypical cowboy is a white man. Of course, after reading, I learned that there is/was black cowboys. During the 1860’s-1880’s there was an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 black cowboys. This number was shocking to me. It is super cool to learn about things like this!
When I read the title of this article, I thought, of course there were black cowboys! In fact, it has been apparent to me that black Americans have been a constant contributor to American society whether being oppressed, acknowledged or not. Statements from the perspective of the author like, “Generally, history is presented primarily from a Eurocentric perspective and people of color are presented as an afterthought, if at all” seems to be a sweeping statement. Further, another example, “Racial prejudice has shaped school curriculum and caused there to be a primary focus on European Americans in history courses”. Perhaps there are many segments of the world population that haven’t been focused on as well, like Indigenous peoples or the Haitians that have experienced horrible atrocities. These topics are also glossed over in primary history education.
This is a great curriculum to expose a more diverse history involving black american cowboys, and as a segue to the countless ways black Americans contributed to making America what it is today. I enjoyed learning about some of the cowboys and what their lives must have been like. I would also be interested in knowing more about black women and how they participated in building communities in the west.
This was such an interesting article to read! All throughout growing up, your typical cowboy was a tall, brooding white man with an enormous hat pulled down over one eye as he rode into town on his horse, dust kicking up behind him dramatically. It wasn’t until probably after high school that I read somewhere how a good majority of cowboys were actually African or Native American, which really makes more sense than your Walker Texas Ranger stereotype. Aside from slaves and the Civil Rights Movement, students are rarely taught about influential African-Americans who helped shape our country. With so many resources available that clearly connect to state standards, there’s really no excuse for teachers not teaching about the more colorful side of American history.
This article was very interesting to me because I do not remember learning about any African American cowboys when I was in school which is crazy considering there were so many. I think that all teachers should teach their students about this topic and emphasize this part of history because it was an important part of shaping the American west. These lesson plans all seem like a great way to address this topic and break the traditional Eurocentric perspective of teaching history.
The title of this article was exactly what I thought. Unfortunately, there is not enough attention given to people like Nat Love, who deserve more. This is a topic that teachers should do a better job at emphasizing in the classroom.